Liberty
Items for this scale measure the degree to which individuals feel that they are self-determining and able to live by their own convictions and standards, even if they go against conventional wisdom. (step one, 2789), p<.001, ? 2 =.06) indicated that U.S. adults rated themselves higher than Japanese adults on this aspect of well-being. There was also a main effect of gender, in which males had significantly higher autonomy self-ratings than females (F(step 1, 2789) = 8.56, p<.001, ? 2 <.01), but this effect was modified by a gender by age interaction (F(step 3, 2789) = 2.78, p<.05, ? 2 <.01), which is depicted in Figure 1 . Women in both cultural contexts scored significantly lower than men in the two early e comparable to men in the two later decades of aging.
The ipsatized analyses paralleled these results, showing a main effect of cultural context (F(step 1, 2787) = , p<.001, ? 2 =.07), with the Japanese rating their autonomy significantly lower, as predicted, relative to their overall well-being, compared to U.S. respondents. Also similar was a main effect of gender (F(step 1, 2787) = 5.34, p<.05, ? 2 <.01), with males rating their autonomy significantly higher, relative to their overall well-being, than females. The ipsatized analysis also revealed a cultural context by gender interaction (F(step one, 2787) = 5.09, p<.05, ? 2 <.01), which showed that Japanese women rated their autonomy significantly lower, relative to their overall well-being, than did Japanese men, but this difference was not evident in the U.S. There was also a significant main effect of age (F(step 3, 2787) = 6.32; p<.01, ? 2 =.01), which was further modified by a gender by age interaction (F(step one, 2787) = 3.06, p<.05, ? 2 <.01). The pattern of this effect was similar to that obtained in the raw score analyses.
Environmental Mastery
Items for this scale assess the extent to which individuals see themselves as able to manage the demands of daily lives and create environments that fit their personal needs. A main effect of cultural context (F(step 1, 2799) = , p<.001, ? 2 =.02) showed that U.S. adults rated themselves significantly higher on environmental mastery than did Japanese adults. There was also a main effect of age (F(step three, 2799) = 9.23, p<.001, ? 2 =.01), which revealed that the two younger age groups scored significantly lower than the two older age groups. A cultural context by gender interaction (F(step one, 2799) = 5.34, p<.05, ? 2 <.01) revealed that U.S. men scored significantly higher than U.S. women, whereas no gender difference was evident in Japan.
All of the above effects were evident with the ipsatized analyses. Thus, a main effect sito incontri single std of cultural context (F(1, 2797) = , p<.001, ? 2 =.02) showed that U.S. respondents rated environmental mastery as significantly higher, relative to their overall well-being. A main effect of age (F(step one, 2797) = , p<.001, ? 2 =.02) showed that the two younger age groups rated their environmental mastery significantly lower, relative to the overall well-being, compared to the two older age groups. Finally the cultural context by gender interaction (F(step one, 2797) = 7.39, p<.01, ? 2 <.01) showed that U.S. males rated their environmental mastery significantly higher, relative to their overall well-being, than U.S. women, whereas no gender difference was evident in Japan.
Individual Increases
Items for this scale assess the extent to which adults perceive that they are developing their talents and capabilities over time. A main effect of cultural context (F(step one, 2799) = , p<.000, ? 2 =.02) revealed that U.S. respondents rated their personal growth higher than Japanese respondents. However, a cultural context by age interaction (F(step 3, 2799) = 4.28, p<.01, ? 2 <.01) also was obtained and is illustrated in Figure 2 . The figure shows that Japanese adults, as predicted, showed higher scores on personal growth with age, particularly from middle adulthood to old age, whereas U.S. respondents showed lower scores with age.
