A standard, cumulative index of get across-physical fitness was calculated for each and every mixture of maternal forest and you will pollen donor, according to adult fruit put, seeds germination, and you may survivorship and you may development of seedlings. For every species, mixed-model data away from difference was used to assess the results off crossing therapy (fixed impression; that have maternal tree incorporated as a haphazard feeling) to the portion of give-pollinated plant life mode mature good fresh fruit, costs of vegetables germination and you may seedling survivorship, seedling size in the step 1 yr, and collective physical fitness. Multiple patterns was indeed checked out using ANOVA: (a) including most of the services, (b) leaving out imbalanced services, to permit comparison off communications terms, (c) minus selfing therapy (because maternal trees was mainly or entirely worry about-incompatible), and you will (d) collection most of the in this-Sinharaja outcrossing solutions to check the end result from inside- vs. between-forest crossing. The end result out-of crossing length on each factor is subsequent looked at playing with linear or quadratic regression data, according to model of the relationship. Finally, for every single maternal tree, the results away from nearest-neighbors and you may enough time-point mating was in fact projected thanks to indicator from biparental inbreeding despair and you can outbreeding depression, respectively, considering collective physical fitness beliefs.
Syzygium rubicundum
Fruit abortion was heavy for all trees, resulting in low fruit set (range across treatments: 2.0–9.7%; Fig. 2a). The timing of abortion was not discernable across treatments. Self-compatibility was low, but variable, across maternal trees (Fig. 2a). Flowers used for tests of apomixis (N = 360) and autogamy (N = 582) failed to set fruit. All analyses of variance in fruit set revealed a highly significant treatment effect and significant maternal tree effect, but no significant interaction between treatment and maternal tree (Tables 2A and 3A). For all three trees, the percentage of experimental flowers setting mature fruit showed a consistent increase with crossing distance, followed by a severe decline in fruit set with the distant between-forest treatment (Fig. 2a). The relationship between crossing distance and fruit set was nearly identical for the three maternal trees and significant with or without the self-pollinated treatment included in the model (quadratic regression model: arcsine square-root [fruit set] = crossing distance [km] + crossing distance 2 ; results without self-pollinated treatment: Fdos,57 = 8.25, P < 0.0007, R 2 = 0.47). Peak mean fruit set occurred at a crossing distance of 1–2 km (distant within-forest treatment) and was 1.7–4.7 times greater than mean fruit set rates for other hand-pollination treatments, averaged across maternal trees. Mean fruit set rate for the distant within-forest treatment was significantly greater than those for all treatments except distant-neighbor and open-pollinated, but consistently exceeded fruit set of open-pollinated flowers (Fig. 2a).
Shorea cordifolia
Fruit set was also low for Sh. cordifolia (range across treatments: 0–5.3%; Fig. 2b). Again, the timing of fruit abortion was not discernable among treatments. Selfed and distant between-forest treatments resulted in 0% and <1% fruit set, respectively. Fruit set from the intermediate-distance cross-pollinations varied across maternal trees, but with one exception (nearest-neighbor treatment at Tree number 1) indicated optimal fruit set at an outcrossing range of ?2 km (distant neighbor treatment; Fig. 2b). All analyses of variance in fruit set revealed a highly significant treatment effect, but no maternal tree effect (Tables 2B and 3B). The relationship between crossing distance and fruit set was significant only when the selfed treatment was excluded (quadratic regression model: arcsin square root [fruit set] = crossing distance [km] + crossing distance 2 ; F2,57 = 5.71, P < 0.006, R 2 = 0.41). At each maternal tree, fruit set rate for open-pollinated flowers was greater than that for all hand-cross treatments, suggesting that some aspect of the hand-pollination procedure (e.g., flower handling, bagging) caused reduced fruit set in Sh. cordifolia.
