Inside characterizing dialectic, Engels published: “Head laws: conversion process off amounts and you can top quality-shared entrance of polar opposites and conversion to the one another when carried so you can extremes; invention through contradiction, or negation of negation; [and] the latest spiral form of innovation” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p
Pre-Marxist dialectic for this reason intended an over-all are away from count, character, neighborhood, and you can notice (present in Greek absolute thinking); a becoming ones entities in the way of logical classes (Platonism, Hegel); the fresh knowledge of best questions and you can responses and of conflict (Socrates, new Stoics); an issue of becoming as well as replacement for from the a distinct and you may unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno away from Elea); brand new doctrine away from realistically emerging, probable principles, judgments, and you can findings (Aristotle): this new scientific depletion of all of the illusions from peoples reasoning, hence inconsistently aims on the a total wholeness and therefore disintegrates with the contradictions (Kant); new subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and absolutist (Hegel) viewpoints of soul (Geist), because shown from the to-be away from categories.
Grams. Belinskii, An excellent. I. Herzen, and you can Letter. G. Chernyshevskii contacted a beneficial materialist dialectic. Compared with Hegel, they derived revolutionary results from the facts off eternal motion and you will development: to them dialectic are the “algebra out-of revolution” (get a hold of Good. soch. vol. nine, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois philosophy shortly after Hegel turned from the profits throughout the part of dialectic that had been achieved from inside the philosophy. Hegels dialectic are denied by several philosophers given that “sophistry,” an “error in reason,” as well as good “unhealthy perversion off mind” (R. Haym, An effective. Trendelenburg, and Elizabeth. von Hartmann). On the Neo-Kantianism of Marburg University (H. Cohen, P. Natorp) this new dialectic off “abstract ideas” are replaced by “reason of your mathematical idea of mode,” and therefore lead to a good negation of the thought of compound and you can in order to “actual idealism.” Neo-Hegelianism visited the newest thus-titled bad dialectic, asserting that the contradictions shown when you look at the principles testify towards nonreality, otherwise “seemingness,” of the objects. The unity regarding opposites is changed by an effective unity off coexisting, additional issues with regard to attaining an integration of knowledge (F. Bradley). Dialectic in addition to came up as a mixing away from opposites, with sheer intuition (B. Croce, R. Kroner, and that i. An excellent. Ilin). H. Bergson cutting-edge a demand on irrational and you will strictly instinctive merging regarding opposites, a combination is managed given that good “wonders.” When you look at the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the new dialectic try realized relativistically, given that an about opportunity structure off understanding. Character is generally accepted as the brand new areas out of “positivist need,” while people known by means of “dialectical reason,” hence derives its beliefs regarding peoples consciousness and also the private fundamental event away from people. Most other existentialists (Grams. Marcel, Yards. Buber) dump dialectic theologically, as a network regarding issues and you can responses anywhere between awareness and being. Info regarding a poor dialectic invented since a total assertion out-of truth and never leading to a new synthesis have been developed from the T. Adorno and you will H. Marcuse.
A consistently materialist interpretation away from dialectic try provided with K. Marx and F. Engels, the fresh founders of philosophy off dialectical materialism. Shortly after vitally exceeding new profits from before dialectic, Marx and you will Engels used the philosophy toward reworking regarding viewpoints, governmental cost savings, and you can history and the foundation off an christiandatingforfree insurance policy and you will systems on the professionals path. V. We. Lenin produced an outstanding sum into the growth of materialist dialectic. The classics from Marxism-Leninism admiration materialist dialectic because doctrine off common interconnections and you can one particular standard guidelines out-of growth of getting and you may think.
I. Herzen, Sobr
Materialist dialectic is shown within the a network out of categories and you may guidelines. 1). What the law states of your own unity and conflict regarding opposites uses up a good special place one of most of the rules of your dialectic; Lenin named they new central core of dialectic.
